During a press conference, Council Member Johns stated
that the advisory council appointed by Mayor Smith has been
one of the least effective in recent history. When asked
to support that claim, Johns pointed out that most citizens
could not name any member of the advisory council.
The rationale given by Council Member Johns depends on
the assumption that
a member of the advisory council who is doing a bad job
is just as likely to be familiar to the public as a member
of the advisory council who is doing a good job
the public is not generally interested in the activities
of the advisory council
only council members are qualified to judge the quality
of the advisory council s work
the public s familiarity with the composition of the
advisory council is an indication of the
effectiveness of the advisory council s work
the members of the advisory council were selected because
each of them was already well known to the citizenry
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答案：(D)
When college students were asked about their experiences
in childhood, those who remembered their parents frequently
being in pain were also those who experienced common pains,
like headaches, most frequently as adults. This evidence
argues that a person s childhood observations of adults in
pain can make that person more susceptible to pain as an
adult.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens
the argument above?
Students who most frequently remembered that they were
in pain as children were no more likely than the average
student to experience common pains very frequently.
Parents who were frequently in pain when their children
were growing up often experience just as much pain after
their children have grown up.
College students are in general less susceptible to
common pains, like headaches, than are older adults.
Adult memories of the circumstances of childhood pain
are often vivid, but adults can rarely recall the subjective
experience of being in pain as a child.
A person s adult recollections of childhood are likely
to emphasize those memories that reflect the person s adult
experiences.
————————————————————————
答案：(E)
问题：下面哪一个，if true，最反对上面的论述？
读题：当大学生被询问他们孩提时代的经历时，那些记得他们的父母经常处于常见痛苦之
中的学生也是更经常地经历常见痛苦的人，比如头疼。这些证据论述了一个人在
孩提时代对痛苦之中成年人的观察使得他们自己作为成年人之后更易于遭受痛苦。
分析：原文论据是：孩提时代记得父母经常处于痛苦之中的学生自己也更经常地遭受痛苦
结论：对痛苦之中成年人的观察使他们易于遭受痛苦
上文的结论是从一个事实调查中得出，结论可以看作是对这个事实的一个解释：
为什么那帮学生更容易遭受痛苦呢？是因为孩提时代对痛苦之中成年人的观察使他们
易于遭受痛苦。
问题是反对，答案形式通常为：有其他的原因来解释为什么上面这个事实。
a.最经常的记得在孩提时代处于痛苦之中的学生不比一般的学生更经常地经历一般的痛苦
（孩提时代，不是孩子处于痛苦之中，而是他们的父母处于痛苦之中）
b.当他们的孩子成长时更经常地处于痛苦之中的双亲经常在他们的孩子长大后经历同样的
痛楚。（孩子长大以后，讨论的是孩子怎么样，而不是双亲）
c.大学生通常比年纪较大的成年人不易于遭受一般的痛楚，象头疼。
d.成年后对孩提时代痛楚环境的记忆非常生动
(和a犯了一样的错误)
e.一个人成年时对孩提时代的回忆, 可能选择那些记忆, 反应这个人成年经历的记忆。
（现在我头疼了，可能有许多种原因，但是我想起了小时侯父母经常头疼,
是我头疼才想起父母头疼，而不是对父母头疼的回忆导致了我头疼
这道题目是典型的因果关系倒置)
Economist: Any, country that is economically efficient
will generate wealth. Such a country will remain politically
stable only if that wealth is distributed equitably. The
equitable distribution of wealth puts an end to risk taking,
the indispensable precondition of economic efficiency.
Which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn
an the basis of the statements above
No country can indefinitely remain both economically
efficient and politically stable.
No country can indefinitely remain both politically
unstable and wealthy.
Economic efficiency is the indispensable precondition
for the generation of wealth in a country.
Any country in which wealth is distributed equitably
will indefinitely remain politically stable.
Growing economic efficiency encourages risk taking,
which in turn leads to further growth in economic
efficiency.
————————————————————————
答案：(A)
问题：下面哪一个结论能够从上面的论述中推导出来？
读题：Economist: 任何一个经济有效的国家将产生财富。这样的一个国家只有财富被平
均分配的情况下，才能够保持政治稳定。财富的平均分配终止了冒险，
冒险是经济有效不可缺少的先决条件。
分析：原文中，第四行的哦only if，倒数第二行的precondition都是必要条件,
只有财富被平均分配的情况下，才能够保持政治稳定,可以表示为：
1、政治稳定 → 财富被平均分配
财富的平均分配终止了冒险,可以表示为:
2、财富被平均分配 → 没有冒险
冒险是经济有效不可缺少的先决条件,可以表示为:
3、经济有效→冒险,
逆否命题为: 没有冒险 → 经济无效
把1,2,3联合起来得到: 政治稳定 → 经济无效
a. 没有一个国家能够无限期地既保持经济有效又保持政治稳定e
My family often found others laughable, but I learned
quite early to be —— while people were present,
laughing only later at what was funny and mocking what
to us seemed——
polite.. bizarre
impatient.. unfortunate
facetious.. enviable
wistful.. extraordinary
superficial.. deplorable
————————————————————————
答案：(A)
mock: v.1.嘲笑，讥笑，嘲弄 2.使失望，欺骗 3.挫败
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