The elements of intelligence and conscious- (40) ness come together marvelously to produce dif- ferent styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of atten- tion related to escaping or chasing. Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates the (45) production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is pri- marily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead. Perhaps it does not (50) experience forethought as we know it, but the animal does experience something like it. The predator is searchingly aggressive, innerdirected, tuned by the nervous system and the adrenal hormones, but aware in a sense closer to human (55) consciousness than, say, a hungry lizard's instinc- tive snap at a passing beetle. Using past events as a framework, the large mammal predator is working out a relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibilities in cold trails (60) and distant sounds-and yesterday's unforgotten lessons. The herbivore prey is of a different mind. Its mood of wariness rather than searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are silk-thin veils of tranquility over an explosive endocrine system.
17. The author is primarily concerned with
(A) disproving the view that herbivores are less intelligent than carnivores
(B) describing a relationship between animals' intelligence and their ecological roles
(C)establishing a direct link between early large mammals and their modern counterparts
(D) analyzing the ecological basis for the dominance of some carnivores over other carnivores
(E) demonstrating the importance of hormones in mental activity
18. The author refers to a hungry lizard (line 55) primarily in order to
(A) demonstrate the similarity between the hunting methods of mammals and those of nonmammals
(B) broaden the application of his argument by including an insectivore as an example
(C) make a distinction between higher and lower levels of consciousness
(D) provide an additional illustration of the brutality characteristic of predators
(E) offer an objection to suggestions that all animals lack consciousness
19. It can be inferred from the passage that in animals less intelligent than the mammals discussed in the passage
(A) past experience is less helpful in ensuring survival
(B) attention is more highly focused
(C) muscular coordination is less highly developed
(D) there is less need for competition among species
(E) environment is more important in estab- lishing the proper ratio of prey to predator
20. The sensitivity described in lines 56-61 is most clearly an example of
(A) "free-floating awareness" (lines 16-17)
(B) "flooding of impulses in the brain stem" (lines 29-30)
(C) "the holding of consistent images" (lines 31-32)
(D) "integration of details with perceived ends and purposes" (lines 37-38)
(E) "silk-thin veils of tranquility" (line 64)
21. The author's attitude toward the mammals dis- cussed in the passage is best described as
(A) superior and condescending
(B) lighthearted and jocular
(C) apologetic and conciliatory
(D) wistful and tender
(E) respectful and admiring
22. The aut
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