(D) censure of.. dissolution
(E) relinquishment of.. ascent
13. FERTILIZE: GROW::
(A) immunize: resist (B) nourish: enrich
(C) heat: burn (D) graft: multiply
(E) prune: dwarf
14. ATTENTIVE: OFFICIOUS::
(A) doubtful: ambiguous
(B) absorbed: engrossed
(C) refined: snobbish
(D) magisterial: authoritative
(E) impromptu: spontaneous
15. EXORBITANT: MODERATION::
(A) dispassionate: equanimity
(B) macabre: interest (C) perfidious: loyalty
(D) brilliant: gullibility (E) lavish: extravagance
16. BLANDISHMENT: COAX::
(A) medal: honor (B) budget: save
(C) diary: reminisce (D) concert: play
(E) plea: threaten
The dark regions in the starry night sky are not pockets in the universe that are devoid of stars as had long been thought. Rather, they are dark because of interstellar dust that hides the stars behind it. Although its visual effect is so pronounced, dust is only a minor constituent of the material, extremely low in density, that lies between the stars. Dust accounts for about one percent of the total mass of interstellar matter. The rest is hydrogen and helium gas, with small amounts of other elements. The interstellar material, rather like terrestrial clouds, comes in all shapes and sizes. The average density of interstellar material in the vicinity of our Sun is 1,000 to 10,000 times less than the best terrestrial laboratory vacuum. It is only because of the enormous inter- stellar distances that so little material per unit of volume becomes so significant. Optical astronomy is most directly affected, for although interstellar gas is perfectly transparent, the dust is not.
17. According to the passage, which of the following is a direct perceptual consequence of interstellar dust?
(A) Some stars are rendered invisible to observers on Earth.
(B) Many visible stars are made to seem brighter than they really are.
(C) The presence of hydrogen and helium gas is revealed.
(D) The night sky appears dusty at all times to observers on Earth.
(E) The dust is conspicuously visible against a background of bright stars.
18. It can be inferred from the passage that the density of interstellar material is
(A) higher where distances between the stars are shorter
(B) equal to that of interstellar dust
(C) unusually low in the vicinity of our Sun
(D) independent of the incidence of gaseous components
(E) not homogeneous throughout interstellar space
19. It can be inferred from the passage that it is because space is so vast that
(A) little of the interstellar material in it seems substantial
(B) normal units of volume seem futile for measurements of density
(C) stars can be far enough from Earth to be obscured even by very sparsely distributed matter
(D) interstellar gases can, for all practical purposes, be regarded as transparent
(E) optical astronomy would be of little use even if no interstellar dust existed
In his 1976 study of slavery in the United States, Herbert Gutman, like Fogel, Engerman, and Genovese, has rightly stressed the slaves' achievements. But unlike these historians, Gut- (5) man gives plantation owners little credit for these achievements. Rather, Gutman argues that one must look to the Black family and the slaves' extended kinship system to understand how crucial achievements, such as the mainte- (10) nance of a cultural heritage and the develop- ment of a communal consciousness, were possible. His findings compel attention.
Gutman recreates the family and extended kinship structure mainly through an ingenious (15) use of what any historian should draw upon, quantifiable data, derived in this case mostly from plantation birth registers. He also uses accounts of ex-slaves to probe the human reality behind his statistics. These sources indicate that (20) the two-parent household predominated in slave quarters just as it did among freed slaves after emancipation. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves' preference, revealed most clearly (25) on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy. In less con- clusive fashion Fogel, Engerman, and Genovese had already indicated the predominance of two- parent households; however, only Gutman (30) emphasizes the preference for stable monogamy and points out what stable monogamy meant for the slaves' cultural heritage. Gu
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