GRE试题:GRE北美试题19

tman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of-and so (35) was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. (40) Gutman's examination of other facets of kinship also produces important findings. Gutman discovers that cousins rarely married, an exogamous tendency that contrasted sharply with the endogamy practiced by the plantation (45) owners. This preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage, which, though they differed from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against (50) unions with close kin. This taboo against cousins' marrying is important, argues Gutman, because it is one of many indications of a strong awareness among slaves of an extended kinship network. The fact that distantly related kin (55) would care for children separated from their families also suggests this awareness. When blood relationships were few, as in newly created plantations in the Southwest, "fictive" kinship arrangements took their place until a new (60) pattern of consanguinity developed. Gutman presents convincing evidence that this extended kinship structure-which he believes developed by the mid-to-late eighteenth century-provided the foundations for the strong communal con- (65) sciousness that existed among slaves.

In sum, Gutman's study is significant because it offers a closely reasoned and original explan- ation of some of the slaves' achievements, one that correctly emphasizes the resources that slaves themselves possessed.

20. According to the passage, Fogel. Engerman, Genovese, and Gutman have all done which of the following?

I. Discounted the influence of plantation owners on slaves' achievements.

II. Emphasized the achievements of slaves.

III. Pointed out the prevalence of the two- parent household among slaves.

IV. Showed the connection between stable monogamy and slaves' cultural heritage.

(A) I and II only (B) I and IV only

(C) II and III only (D) I, III, and IV only

(E) II, III, and IV only

21. With which of the following statements regarding the resources that historians ought to use would the author of the passage be most likely to agree?

(A) Historians ought to make use of written rather than oral accounts.

(B) Historians should rely primarily on birth registers.

(C) Historians should rely exclusively on data that can be quantified.

(D) Historians ought to make use of data that can be quantified.

(E) Historians ought to draw on earlier historical research but they should do so in order to refute it.

22. Which of the following statements about the formation of the Black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression is best supported by the information presented in the passage?

(A) The heritage was formed primarily out of the experiences of those slaves who attempted to preserve the stability of their families.

(B) The heritage was not formed out of the experiences of those slaves who married their cousins.

(C) The heritage was formed more out of the African than out of the American experiences of slaves.

(D) The heritage was not formed out of the experiences of only a single generation of slaves.

(E) The heritage was formed primarily out of slaves' experiences of interdependence on newly created plantations in the Southwest.

23. It can be inferred from the passage that, of the following, the most probable reason why a historian of slavery might be interested in studying the type of plantations mentioned in line 25 is that this type would

(A) give the historian access to the most complete plantation birth registers

(B) permit the historian to observe the kinship patterns that had been most popular among West African tribes

(C) provide the historian with evidence con- cerning the preference of freed slaves for stable monogamy

(D) furnish the historian with the opportunity to discover the kind of marital com- mitment that slaves themselves chose to have

(E) allow the historian to examine the influence of slaves' preferences on the actions of plantation owners

24. According to the passage, all of the following are true of the West African rules governing marriage mentioned in lines 46-50 EXCEPT:

(A) The rules were derived from rules gov- erning fictive kinship arrangements.

(B) The rules forbade marriages between close k

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