phenomena. whereas in the other model solar activity is thought to have
observable effects on the Earth.
(E) In one model cycles of solar activity with peri- odicities longer than
a few decades are con- sidered to be impossible, whereas in the other model
such cycles are predicted.
19. According to the passage, late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century
Chinese records are impor- tant for which of the following reasons?
(A) They suggest that the data on which the Maunder minimum was predicated
were incorrect.
(B) They syggest that the Maunder minimum can- not be related to climate.
(C) Thcy suggest that the Maunder minimum might be \-’alid only for Europe.
(D) They establish the existence of a span of unusu- ally cold weather
worldwide at the time of the Maunder minimum.
(E) They establish that solar activity at the tirne of the Maunder minimum
did not significantly vary from its present pattern.
20. The author implies which of the followine about currently available
geological and archaeoloeical evidence concerning the solar-activity cycle?
(A) It best supports the model of solar activity described in lines 37-45.
(B) It best supports the model of solar activity described in lines 45-52.
(C) It is insufficient to confirtn either model of solar activity described
in the third paragraph.
(D) It contradicts both models of solar activity as they are presented in
the third paragraph.
(E) It disproves the theory that terrestrial weather and solar activitv are
linked in some way.
21. Tt can be inferred from the passage that the argu- ment in favor of the
model described in lines 37- 45 would be strengthened if which of the following
were found ta he tme?
(A) Episodes of intense volcanic eruptions in the distant past occurred in
cycles having very long periodicities.
(B) At the present time the global level of thunder- storm activity increases
and decreases in cycles with periodicities of approximately 11 years.
(C) In the distant past cyclical climatic changes had periodicities of longer
than 200 years.
(D) In the last century the length of the sunspot cycle has been known to
vary by as much as 2 years from its average periodicity of 11 years.
(E) Hundreds of millions of years ago, solar- activity cycles displayed the
same periodicities as do present-day solap-activity cycles.
22. lt can be inferred from the passage that Chinese observations of the Sun
during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries
(A) are ambiguous because most sunspots cannot be seen with the naked eye
(B) probably were made under the same weather conditions as those made in Europe
(C) are more reliable than European observations . made during this period
(D) record some sunspot activity during this period
(E) have been employed by scientists seeking to argue that a change in solar
activity occurred during this period.
23. It can be inferred from the passage that studies attempting to use tree-ring
thickness to locate possi- ble links between solar periodicity and terrestrial
climate are based on which of the following assump- tions?
(A) The solar-activity cycle existed in its present form during the time period
in which the tree rings erew.
(B) The biological mechanisms causing tree growth are unaffected by short-term
weather pat- terns.
(C) Average tree-ring thickness varies from species to species.
(D) Tree-ring thicknesses reflecr changes in terres- trial climate.
(E) Both terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle randomly af~ct tree-ring
thickness.
The common belief of some linguists that each
language is a perfect vehicle for the thoughts of the
nation speaking it is in some ways the exact counterpart
of the conviction of the Manchester school of economics
that supply and demand will regulate everything for the(5)
best. Just as economists were blind to the numerous
cases in which the law of supply and demand left actual
wants unsatisfied, so also many linguists are deaf to
those instances in which the very nature of a ianguage
calls forth misunderstandings in everyday conversation,(10)
and in which, consequently, a word has to be modified
or defined in order to present the idea intended by the
speaker: "H