ses of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories (21) ____ on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior (22) ____ they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through (23) ____ with others. Theories focusing on the role of society that children commit crimes in (24) ____ to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status (25) ____ as a rejection of middle-class values.
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, (26) ____ the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes (27) ____ lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are (28) ____ to criticism.
Changes in the social structure may indirectly (29) ____ juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that (30) ____ to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment (31) ____ make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in (32) ____ lead more youths into criminal behavior.
Families have also (33) ____ changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; (34) ____, children are likely to have less supervision at home (35) ____ was common in the traditional family (36) ____. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other (37) ____ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased (38) ____ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing (39) ____ of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, (40) ____ a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.
21.[A] acting
[B] relying
[C] centering
[D] cementing
22.[A] before
[B] unless
[C] until
[D] because
23. [A] interactions
[B] assimilation
[C] cooperation
[D] consultation
24. [A] return
[B] reply
[C] reference
[D] response
25. [A] or
[B] but rather
[C] but
[D] or else
26.[A] considering
[B] ignoring
[C] highlighting
[D] discarding
27. [A] on
[B] in
[C] for
[D] with
28. [A] immune
[B] resistant
[C] sensitive
[D] subject
29. [A] affect
[B] reduce
[C] chock
[D] reflect
30. [A] point
[B] lead
[C] come
[D] amount
31. [A] in general
[B] on average
[C] by contrast
[D] at length
32. [A] case
[B] short
[C] turn
[D] essence
33.
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