14. If the government increases its funding for civilian scientific research, private patrons and industries will believe that such research has become primarily the government's responsibility. When they believe that research is no longer primarily their responsibility, private patrons and industries will decrease their contributions toward research. Therefore, in order to keep from depressing the overall level of funding for civilian scientific research, the government should not increase its own funding.

　　Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?

　　(A) Governments should bear the majority of the financial burden of funding for civilian scientific research.

　　(B) Any increase in government funding would displace more private funding for civilian scientific research than it would provide.

　　(C) Private donations toward research are no longer welcomed by researchers whose work receives government funding.

　　(D) Civilian scientific research cannot be conducted efficiently with more than one source of funding.

　　(E) funding for civilian scientific research is currently at the highest possible level.

　　15. Dental researcher: Filling a cavity in a tooth is not a harmless procedure: it inevitably damages some of the healthy parts of the tooth. Cavities are harmful only if the decay reaches the nerves inside the tooth, and many cavities, if left untreated, never progress to that point. Therefore, dentists should not fill a cavity unless the nerves inside the tooth are in imminent danger from that cavity.

　　Which one of the following principles, if valid, most strongly supports the researcher's reasoning?

　　(A) Dentists should perFORM any procedure that is likely to be beneficial in the long term, but only if the procedure does not cause immediate damage.

　　(B) Dentists should help their patients to prevent cavities rather than waiting until cavities are present to begin treatment.

　　(C) A condition that is only potentially harmful should not be treated using a method that is definitely harmful.

　　(D) A condition that is typically progressive should not be treated using methods that provide only temporary relief.

　　(E) A condition that is potentially harmful should not be left untreated unless it can be kept under constant surveillance.

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　　16. The axis of Earth's daily rotation is tilted with respect to the plane of its orbit at an angle of roughly 23 degrees. That angle can be kept fairly stable only by the gravitational influence of Earth's large, nearby Moon. Without such a stable and moderate axis tilt, a planet's climate is too extr

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